Difference between Tort and Crime

Tort and a crime and two very different aspects of the law. These are indeed very technical terms that need an expansive understanding to be able to differentiate them. What helps in understanding these two terms is the underlying principles of each term.

What is a Tort?

A tort is a wrongful act that is done towards someone which causes damage to someone which gives him the right to seek a legal remedy from a court of law. In tortious cases, the court can provide someone with unliquidated damages. To simplify this definition the essential elements are expounded below:

1. Wrongful Act- A wrongful act is the very root of the tort committed. It has to be proven that the defendant owed him or her the duty of care which the defendant is in breach. This breach could be a result of a commission of an act or an omission of the same.

2. Legal Damages: Legal damages usually refer to the sum of money as compensation that is demanded by a plaintiff after proving the defendant injured him/her. In legal terms, an injury does not only mean bodily harm as it means in common English. It means a violation of any right that is entitled to the person.

3. Legal remedies- There are legal remedies available to a person in a court of law. Every person is entitled to seek unliquidated damages which means seeking damages for unforeseeable losses. The amount of compensation differs from case to case.

In India, there is no specific statute or law which governs tort law. Torts have usually developed in India through precedents.
 

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What is a Crime?

A crime is an offense punishable by the State as it is not a harmful act done to one individual but the community/state/society in general. These acts are forbidden by the law of the State. Examples of crimes are murder, theft, rape, etc. This is opposite to a tort which is usually targeted more towards a particular individual. There are two ingredients that help us determine a crime and they are Mens Rea and Actus Rea. These two determinants are explained below:

1. Mens Rea- This refers to the criminal intent. The literal meaning of this Latin word is “ guilty mind” . It is the state of mind or the intention to commit a crime. This is not an accident or gross negligence but a person with the intention to cause harm commits the crime.

2. Actus Reus- This is the action taken with the guilty mind to commit the crime. It is important to note that just because there is an intention to commit the crime does not constitute a crime. There must be an actual commission or act taken towards the commission of the crime. Any act cannot qualify for a crime if it only fulfills one of the ingredients mentioned above. Both the ingredients must be present in the wrongdoing to qualify for a crime.
 

Difference Between a Tort and Crime

1. Definition

A tort is a wrongful act that is done towards someone which causes damage to someone which gives him the right to seek a legal remedy from a court of law. In tortious cases, the court can provide someone with unliquidated damages.

A crime is an offense punishable by the State as it is not a harmful act done to one individual but the community/state/society in general. These acts are forbidden by the law of the State.

2. Sources

There are no statutes or regulations from where Tort law can be sourced. Instead, it is precedents that regulate Tort law in India. The precedents in criminal law are extremely important but there are proper statutes present for Criminal law like the Indian Penal Code and Code of Criminal Procedure.

3. Damages

In tort law, the aggrieved party can seek unliquidated damages which means the court decides the amount of compensation as there is no pre-determined compensation for the injury caused.

In a criminal case usually, the convict is punished, and additionally, they may be forced to pay fines that are pre-determined and enumerated in the Indian Penal Code. The kind of punishment and amount of compensation differs from case to case but there is a fair idea of it mentioned in the IPC.

4. Burden of Proof

In tort law, the aggrieved party has to just prove that the other party had owed them a duty of care and they have clearly breached that. However, in a criminal case, the prosecution has to prove not only the mens rea and actus reus but also satisfy the court that such a crime was committed beyond a reasonable doubt. This is very crucial and can make or break a case. If there is a single shred of evidence that raises the doubt of the intention and the act was ever committed then the defendant cannot be convicted of the crime. This is done because the punishment of a crime is not just compensation but can be imprisonment or capital punishment.
 

Illustrations for Tort and Crime

1. Tort

1. X was returning to his office after his lunch break was over with a hot cup of coffee when he stumbled over and fell over Y. As a result, his hot coffee spilled all over Y. X can be held liable for negligence towards Y as he owed him a duty of care and there has been a breach of the same.

2. A had his earphones plugged in and was mindlessly walking. After walking for some time, A realizes he entered someone else's property and had walked in through the front yard. A has committed trespass.

3. C and D are neighbors. D plays very loud music in the wee hours of the night which disturbs C. D can be sued for the tort of nuisance by C.

2. Crime

1. X and Z are rivals. X one day takes a knife, walks toward Z, and stabs him to death. X has committed murder.

2. A was walking when B suddenly grabs hold of her purse with the intention of stealing it and runs away with it. B has committed theft.

3. M makes sexual comments at N and intentionally touches her inappropriately without the consent of N. M may have committed sexual harassment against N amongst other crimes.
    

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Can Torts be both Civil and Criminal in Nature?

Yes, a tort can be both civil and criminal in nature. It is not always the case where tortious wrongs are civil in nature. What distinguishes one from the other is if the wrongs were committed with a criminal intention. If there was a guilty mind behind the act then it qualifies as a crime. Hence, we can say that both these laws overlap each other. Some examples of these torts are trespass- when someone trespasses with the intention and knowledge of the act so committed is going to amount to trespass, it takes a criminal nature, assault, battery, etc. These were the differences between a Tort and a crime. The laws on these are ever-changing and evolving with the change in society and time. So, one must be keeping abreast of all the developments on these.

Advocate Chikirsha Mohanty

Greater Kailash - 1, Delhi
5 years

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